Chapter 6: Electron-Positron Production

Why is there a universe with its planets, stars, and galaxies? Why is there matter? - Because energy has changed into mass, shortly after the universe was born. If all the cosmic energy had remained as radiation-energy, there would be then no universe, as we know it. There would be then no matter and no human beings. The highly concentrated radiation-energy from the beginning would have been reduced by now to a temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin. That is only 2.7 degrees above absolute zero - like the microwave background radiation, filling cosmic space today. There is now a universe, because, very soon, after the universe was born, the Creator has stored and preserved much high-quality energy from the beginning for future use: in the form of electrons, protons, and neutrons. They are making up the atoms, the molecules, the solar systems, and the galaxies.

An electron-positron pair arises from pure radiation energy, according to Einstein’s equation E = mc². Two hard gamma-rays (photons γγ) are flying toward each other in a straight line, with the speed of light. They collide head-on and change first into a virtual photon. This tiny ball of most highly concentrated energy, smaller than a pinhead, changes into the new electron-position pair. The virtual photon explodes in a lightning-flash. The electron e^- flies in one direction, and its anti-partner, the positron e⁺, into the opposite direction. If they stayed together, they would annihilate each other again at once and change back into a pair of photons. So, within less than 10^-22 second, the new electron-positron pair arises from pure radiation-energy, according to Einstein’s equation E = mc².

Energy changed into mass

How does one change energy into mass? - Albert Einstein has shown us this through his famous equation E = mc². - What does that mean? And how does that work? How can we change pure radiation-energy into an electron and its anti-partner, the positron? E is energy (in Joule). M is mass (in kg). And what is this c²? - Why is it there? What does it do?

Most physicists will reply now: the c² in Einstein’s equation is, of course, the speed of light! - Really? - The speed of light is known among physicists only as c, not as c². So, what really is this c² in Einstein’s equation, when changing energy into mass, and mass into energy? No physicist, I have asked so far, has been able to tell me.

The speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792,458 meter per second. When rounded up, one is writing it as 3∙10⁸ m/s. This is the c in Einstein’s equation, when changing energy into mass. - But there is a c², not a c. - What does that mean? What is it doing there, when changing energy into mass, and mass into energy? - The c² in Einstein’s E = mc² is the speed of light squared. That is, the speed of light, multiplied once by itself:

299,792,458 m.s. x 299,792,458 m.s. = 8.987,755,178,7∙10¹⁶ m.s.

So the c² in E = mc² is the speed of light squared. Rounded up: 9∙10¹⁶ meters per second. How can we change now a pair of hard gamma rays into an electron-positron pair? How can we change radiation-waves into rest-mass waves? Either both of the photons (or also one photon alone) must carry at least as much energy, as there is rest mass in the electron-positron pair. - How much rest-mass do the electron and its anti-partner, the positron, contain?

The electron’s rest mass is 511,003.4 electron volts, or 8.187,241∙10^-14 Joule, or 9.109,543∙10^-31 kg. Its anti-partner, the positron, contains exactly the same rest mass. Particle and antiparticle are identical in all things, except in their electric charge. They have opposite charges. The electron has a negative charge and the positron a positive charge.

Let us imagine now two hard gamma rays (photons) moving through space with the speed of light. One of these two photons may carry less energy, than the other one. But both of them together must carry at least as much energy, as there is rest mass in the electron-positron pair: 511,003.4 eV + 511,003.4 eV = 1,022,006.8 eV. The two photons, moving with the speed of light, fly toward each other, collide head-on, and annihilate each other. They change into a virtual photon, smaller than a pinhead, a tiny ball of most highly condensed energy. This virtual photon - in contrast to the radiation wave - does have a rest mass.

Within this virtual photon, the photon’s radiation-energy is changed now into the rest-mass-wave of the electron-positron pair. The energy of 511,003.4 eV represents the threshold energy, each one of the two photons must at least carry, when changing into an electron-positron pair. When there is less energy, nothing will happen. This threshold-temperature in pair production "switches on" then in the wave/particle’s body the sub-program "make electron-positron pair", and "annihilate the two photons".

Changing energy into mass, according to E : c² = m:

8.187,241∙10^-14 J : 8.987,551,787∙10¹⁶ m.s. = 9.109,534,158∙10^-31 kg.

Changing mass into energy, according to m x c² = E:

9.109,534,158∙10^-31 kg x 8.987,551,787∙10¹⁶ m.s. = 8.187,241∙10^-14 J.

Einstein’s equation only shows us, that energy is changed into mass, when divided by c² (the speed of light squared). But it does not tell us, why this happens, how this really works. - What does c² really concentrate, when annihilating the two photons? - This mystery, no physicist seems to have been able to solve yet.

The c in Einstein’s E = mc² represents the longest possible radiation-wave. This wave has a length of 299,792,458 m, or nearly 300,000 km. And it carries the smallest possible amount, a radiation-wave can carry: 1 Planck-constant h. The Planck-constant is the basic unit of the Planck-constant radiation-wave-code, or h-code. The Planck-constant is the basic unit (number or letter) of the Cosmic Master-Code, ruling the physical laws of the material universe. The radiation-wave, carrying the energy of only 1 Planck-constant h, represents a wave-length of 299,792,458 m, a time of 1 second, an energy of 6.626,176∙10^-34 J, or 4.135,701∙10^-15 eV, a temperature of 4.799,3∙10^-11 K, and a mass of 7.372,6∙10^-51 kg.

How do we get now the c², changing the radiation-wave into a rest-mass wave? - By dividing the c-wave, with its length of 299,792,458 m, by c², the speed of light squared. Namely, by 8.987,551,787∙10¹⁶. We do get then the length of the basic c²-wave or rest-mass-wave:

3.335,640,952∙10^-09 m.

This is the basic c²-wave or rest-mass wave of the Planck-radiation wave-code of the Cosmic Master-Code. It controls the different subprograms of the cosmic software: the physical laws, needed to make and to operate the whole universe.

The basic c²-wave or rest-mass wave carries 8.987,755,178,7∙10¹⁶ Planck-constants h. They do represent a wave-length of 3.335,640,952∙10^-09 m, a time of 1.112,650,056∙10^-17 second, an energy of 5.955,309,995∙10^-17 Joule, or 371.698,269,1 eV, a temperature of 431,339,5.729 Kelvin, and a mass o 6.626,162,43∙10^-34 kg. The c² in Einstein’s equation E = mc², then, is the basic c-wave, with its length of nearly 300,000 km, shortened nearly 9∙10¹⁶ times.

The energy, which the radiation-wave and rest-mass-wave carry, depends on its wavelength. So, the rest-mass wave carries nearly 9∙10¹⁶ times as much energy, as the radiation-wave (photon), containing the energy of the electron-positron’s rest mass. - The Planck-constant h of the radiation-wave is able to increase and to decrease only in exact multiples of 1 Planck constant: no more and no less. Its energy, length, time, temperature, and mass are interwoven, like the words in a crossword puzzle. Each one depends on the other one. But the Planck-constant "crossword puzzle" is much more complicated. Also the speed of light in a vacuum, c, is interwoven with the Planck-constant. - The longest radiation-wave can have only a length of 299,792,458 m, or nearly 300,000 km. It carries the energy of 1 Planck-constant. And it represents the time of 1 second.

The radiation-wave cannot carry less energy, than the energy contained in 1 Planck-constant: 6.626,176∙10^-34 Joule. If the radiation-wave were longer than 299,792,458 m, it would have to move then faster, than the speed of light. This is not possible. And it would have to contain then less than 1 Planck-constant. And this is also not possible. Thus, the weakest possible radiation-wave must carry the energy of exactly 1 Planck-constant: no more and no less. And this 1 Planck-constant can increase and decrease only in full multiples of 1 Planck-constant.

Also the basic c²-wave or rest mass wave of the Planck-constant wave-code can only increase and decrease in full multiples of 1 rest-mass wave. This means, then, that the rest-mass-wave, with its 3.987,551,787∙10¹⁶ Planck-constants, can increase and decrease only in exact multiples of this number, with its energy of 5.955,309,995∙10^-17 Joule.

Electron-Positron Production

How can we make an electron-positron pair from two photons? What do we need for this?

511,003.4 eV/e^- + 511,0003.4 eV/e⁺ = 1,022,006.8 eV/e⁺e^-. That is a little more than 1 GeV.

At this threshold temperature of 1,022,006.8 eV we can make the electron-positron pair. If there is still more energy, to blast them apart. - How many Planck-constants does this threshold energy contain?

1,022,006.8eV/e⁺e^- : 4.135,701∙10^-15 eV/h = 2.471,181,548∙10²⁰ h = times.

These Planck-constants, and the energy, which they contain, do represent then a wavelength of 1.213,154,324∙10^-12 m, a time of 4.046,647,244∙10^-21 second, a mass of 1.821,903,308∙10^-30 kg. During pair production, c² is shortening then the wavelength of this threshold-temperature, nearly 9∙10¹⁶ times. The threshold-temperature of the two photons of 1,022,006.8 eV, needed to make the electron-positron pair, has then a wavelength of 1.213,154,32∙10^-12 m. The two photons, carrying this pure radiation-energy, then annihilate each other and change into a virtual photon. This virtual photon has a rest mass. In this virtual photon, the radiation-wave is shortened then by c², the speed of light squared: 8.987,551,787∙10¹⁶ times, or nearly 9∙10¹⁶ times.

1.213,154,32∙10^-12 m/c : 8.987,551,787∙10¹⁶ (c²) = 1.349,816,222∙10^-29 m.

How many Planck-constants does the electron-positron’s rest-mass wave then contain?

299,792,458 m.s. (c) : 1.349,816,222∙10^-29 m = 2.220,987,221∙10³⁷ h = times.

The electron-positron’s rest-mass wave represents then a time of 4.502,502,268∙10^-38 second, an energy of 14,716.652,22 J, or 9.185,339,07∙10²² eV (= 9.2∙10¹³ GeV) and a mass of 1.637,445,039∙10^-13 kg.

Electron: Its Number of Rest-Mass Waves

How many rest-mass waves (or c²-waves) does the electron contain?

The basic rest-mass wave or c²-wave) arises, by shortening the length of the longest possible radiation-wave. This basic radiation-wave or c-wave contains 1 Planck-constant. And it has a wavelength of 299,792,458 m (or nearly 3∙10⁸ m). This wavelength we then shorten 8.987,551,78∙10¹⁶ times (by c²). We get then a wavelength of 3.335,640,952∙10^-09 m. This basic rest mass wave (or c²-wave) carries an energy of 5.955,309,95∙10^-17 J or 371.698,269,1 eV. How many basic rest-mass waves does the electron contain?

511,003.4 eV/e^- : 371.698,269,1 eV/e^-/c² = 1,374.780,144 rest-mass waves.

Thus, 1 electron (or 1 positron) contains 1,374 basic rest-mass waves or c²-waves. The basic rest-mass wave will only increase and decrease in exact multiples of 1 basic rest mass wave. There are no half basic rest mass waves.

Mass into Energy

How can we change now mass into energy? More correctly: How can we change now rest-mass energy into radiation-energy?

By increasing the wavelength of the electron’s and positron’s rest-mass wave by c², by the speed of light squared, or 8.987,551,787∙10¹⁶ (or nearly 9∙10¹⁶ times). We can change mass into energy, according to Einstein’s equation m x c² = E. This means: The electron’s rest-mass wave becomes 9∙10¹⁶ times longer, when changed back again into the radiation-energy of the two hard gamma rays (photons).

Energy changes into mass, according to E : c² = m (top). Mass changes into energy, according to m x c² = E (bottom). The basic radiation-wave E is the c-wave. It is 299,792,458 m long, represents 1 second, and carries the energy of 1 Planck-constant h (6.626 176•10^-34 J). It has no rest-mass. It will change into a rest-mass-wave (or c²-wave) m, by shortening itself by c² (the speed of light squared) or 8.987 551 781•10¹⁶ times. The basic rest-mass-wave (or c²-wave) m is 3.335 640 952•10^-09 m long. It carries 8.987 551 787•10¹⁶ Planck-constants h (= 5.955 309 995•10^-17 J), and represents a time of 1.112 650 056•10^-17 second. – The rest-mass-wave m changes into the radiation-wave-energy E, by lengthening itself 8.987 551 787•10¹⁶ times.

The Photon’s Speed of Light: Its Cause

The photon (radiation-wave) is moving in a vacuum with exactly the speed of light. What is driving it forward - everywhere in the universe - with nearly 300,000 km per second? If a mirror reflects a light-wave, it will move on in another direction, also with the speed of light. Thus, the force, driving the photon forward, must come from within the photon.

Cosmic Master-Code

Why is there a universe, with its planets, stars, and galaxies? How has it come into being? - Because it has been thought out and planned by the Creator, existing outside and above the time and space of our physical world. The universe has grown up and keeps on existing according to the Creator’s Cosmic Master Plan. This Cosmic Master Plan controls many different sub-plans: like the master-program in a computer, controlling many sub-programs. All of these sub-plans or sub-programs are only there, to realize the Master Plan or Master Program: To make the universe and to keep it going, so that human beings are able to live on our planet Earth.

The Cosmic Master Plan is written down (encoded) in a mathematical language. I call it the "Planck-constant-radiation-wave-code" or shorter: "h-code". This is the Cosmic Master-Code, wherein the Cosmic Master Plan of the universe has been written down. It is based upon temperature. It is valid throughout our universe, as the microwave background radiation shows us. It is coming from all sides, from the outermost edge of the universe: from its cosmic horizon.

Its different sub-plans (or sub-programs) are written in a mathematical language. We find them also in the form of "fundamental constants". They are designed to make the different parts and functions of the universe, and to keep it going. Each cosmic sub-program is found and recalled from its storage by a certain code-number: the specific threshold-temperature. The specific threshold-temperature then switches on its sub-program. The code-number of this threshold-temperature is based on the number of Planck-constants, on energy, temperature, length, and time. They are all interwove, like the words in a crossword puzzle. Without them, there would be no universe, as we know it, and no human beings.

How does this Cosmic Master-Code work, wherein the Cosmic Master Plan is written? What are its letters, words, sentences, and grammatical rules?

Every radiation-wave in a vacuum is always moving with the speed of light (299,792,458 meter per second). The weak radiation-wave, carrying only little energy, is moving just as fast, as the strong gamma ray, carrying much energy. The stronger the radiation-wave, the shorter its wave. The weaker the radiation-wave, the longer its wave. The longest (and weakest) radiation-wave has a length of 299,792,458 m (or nearly 300,000 km). The weakest and longest radiation-wave can only be up to 299,792,458 m long, because of at least two reasons: (1) If it were longer, it would have to move faster, than the speed of light. And this is not possible. (2) The longest possible radiation-wave with its length of 299,792,458 m is connected with 1 Planck-constant. It carries the energy of exactly one Planck-constant: 6.626,176∙10^-34 Joule. And this energy and wavelength represents 1 second.

Thus, the radiation-wave, carrying 1 Planck-constant, with its length of nearly 300,000 km, represents the smallest unit of energy and the longest possible wave-length and time: all interwoven, like the words in a crossword-puzzle. Each one depends on the other one. The numerical values of the Planck-constant radiation-wave-code (or h-code) can only change in exact multiples of 1 Planck-constant: no more and no less.

Planck-Constant’s Energy

Have you ever asked a physicist: Of what does the radiation-wave consist? What did he tell you? - Most likely: The radiation-wave consists, of course, of energy! - Really? The radiation-wave is carrying this energy. The energy, the radiation-wave is carrying, depends on its wavelength. The shorter the wave, the more energy it will carry. - How does that work? How does all that now fit together?

We may imagine the Planck-constant radiation-wave as a steel-spring. It is a special type of steel-spring, we would not be able to buy at the local hardware store. In its longest and weakest form, the Planck-constant radiation-wave has a length of 299,792,458 m, or nearly 300,000 km, as just mentioned. It carries energy of 6.626,176∙10^-34 J, a temperature of 4.799,3∙10^-11 K, and a mass of 7.372,6∙10^-51 kg, and energy of 4.135,701∙10^-15 eV. Its wavelength of nearly 300,000 km represents 1 second. This time, the light-wave needs in a vacuum, to cover this distance. And it carries 1 Planck-constant. This is the number "1" or letter "A" in the Planck-constant radiation-wave-code or Cosmic Master-Code. From this basic unit, all the other code-numbers of the different threshold-temperatures are made.

Now we shall push this weakest possible Planck-constant radiation-wave, with its length of nearly 300,000 km together, to exactly half of its length. We shall push it together, just as one would push a steel-spring together. - What will happen now?

When this radiation-wave is only half as long, the energy, it carries, will double. It will have now the energy of two Planck-constants. Its time is now 0.5 second. Its energy is now 1.325,235,2∙10^-33 J, or 2.067,850,5∙10^-15 eV. Its mass is now 1.474,52∙10^-50 kg. It is now 149,896,229 m or nearly 150,000 km long. This is the number "2" in the Cosmic Master-Code, wherein the Cosmic Master Plan is written.

Now we shall push our imaginary steel-spring (the Planck-constant radiation-wave) still more together, to exactly ¼ of its original length. It is now 74,948,114.5 m long. It contains now 4 Planck-constants, and has a time of 0.25 second. It carries now an energy of 2.650,470,4∙10^-33 J, or 1.654,280,4∙10^-14 eV. It has a mass of 2.949,04∙10^-50 kg. This radiation-wave contains now 4 Planck-constants and is about 75,000 km long. It represents the number "4" in the Cosmic Master-Code (or Planck-constant radiation-wave-code).

Now we shall push our imaginary steel-spring (the Planck-constant radiation-wave) still more together, till it is only 1 m long. Its spirals are now very close together. - What will happen now? - When the Planck-constant radiation-wave has a length of 1 m, it will have 299,792,458 Planck-constants. Its time is now 1/299,792,458 of a second. That is 3.335,640,952∙10^-09 second. It carries now an energy of 1.986,477,59∙10^-25 J or 1.239,851,968∙10^-06 eV. Its mass is 2.210,249,876∙10^-42 kg. It is the number 299,792,458 in the Cosmic Master-Code.

We shall push our imaginary steel-spring (the Planck-constant radiation-wave) still more together, till it has a length of only 3.335,640,952∙10^-09 m. - What do we get now? - This is the basic rest-mass-wave or c²-wave. It carries now 8.987,551, 787∙10¹⁶ Planck-constants. It represents an energy of 5.955,309,95∙10^-17 J or 371.698,691 eV. It represents the time of 1.112,650,056∙10^-17 second. This is the number 8.987,551,787∙10¹⁶ in the Cosmic Master-Code.

In other words: The number of Planck-constants in the radiation/mass-wave is also the threshold-number in the Cosmic Master-Code. We could just as well express it in other forms: By the time, this wave represents, and also by its length. The energy of the Planck-constant radiation-wave will increase (and decrease) only in exact multiples of 1 Planck-constant: no more and no less. And that is 6.626.176∙10^-34 J or 4.135,701∙10^-15 eV. There are no half Planck-constants in the radiation-wave.

Why does the Planck-constant have exactly this value? Why not a little more or a little less? And why are the numbers of Planck-constants, the wavelength, its energy, its temperature, its mass, and its time so precisely interwoven, like the words in a crossword puzzle? - No atheist and materialist has been able to explain this yet. - Who, then, caused the energy of the Planck-constant to be exactly 6.626,176∙10^-34 Joule, when its wave has a length of 299,792,458 meter? - Already on the level of the code we can know, that it was thought out and made by an intelligent person, by the Creator. There is no way around this.

Planck-Constant Radiation-Wave-Code: Result

What have we found out now about the Planck-constant radiation-wave-code? - We can summarize our findings now as follows:

It will be easiest, I think, to understand the Planck-radiation wave-code, if we start with its wavelength. On this wavelength, all the other numerical values are based: the number of Planck-constants, the time, energy, temperature, and mass. They are all connected with each other. Each one depends upon the other one. It is so accurate, that no human scientist will ever be able to reach it, as we shall see later on. These combined numerical values make up the Cosmic Master-Code, the mathematical language, wherein the Cosmic Main-Program is written. It "knows", how to make the whole material universe, and to keep it going. The Cosmic Main-Plan, written in the Planck-constant wave-code, contains certain threshold-temperatures. When a certain threshold-temperature is reached, this temperature then "switches on" a certain subprogram, stored in the wave’s cosmic software.

A certain threshold-temperature was also needed, to "switch on" each one of the four interacting forces, which are needed, to make the world’s atoms, molecules, and galaxies. A certain threshold-temperature is also needed, which "tells" the water, when to freeze, to boil, and to evaporate. Certain threshold-temperatures are also needed, to make the heavier elements inside of the stars, like carbon, calcium, copper, iron, lead, and gold. Certain subprograms must also be recalled from their storage in the wave’s body, to control the whole material universe and its heaps of galaxies. - Many thousands, if not millions, of such subprograms are needed, to make our universe and to keep it running. Each one has its specific code-number or threshold-temperature. When this threshold-temperature is reached, its subprogram is recalled from its storage in the wave’s material body, like the software, which is stored in the computer’s hardware. In other words: The material universe is controlled by temperature.

The Planck-constant h is the basic unit (letter or number) of the Cosmic Master-Code. It is the basic mathematical language, wherein the Creator has written down the physical laws. Or whereby they are controlled, when written in other codes. In the radiation-wave, the Planck-constant is increasing and decreasing its energy only in exact multiples of 1. The Planck-constant radiation-wave begins with 1 (= 1 Planck-constant per wave), 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. Each wavelength carries only a certain number of Planck-constants. And it carries only a certain energy, a certain time, and a certain length.

Each number of Planck-constants per wavelength means something. It is like the code-number in a man-made computer. It represents a certain threshold-temperature. And each one of these threshold-temperatures "switches on" then a certain subprogram in the wave’s software-storage.

With each halving of time and of wavelength, the number of Planck-constants per wave doubles. It starts with one second, and goes down to 0 second. - With each doubling of time (from 0 second upward to 1 second), the number of Planck-constants is halved. The energy, the radiation-wave carries, can only increase in exact multiples of 1 Planck-constant. In the radiation-wave, there are no half Planck-constants. With each halving of its wavelength, its energy doubles, down to the wavelength of 0 m. - With each doubling of its wavelength (up to a wavelength of 299,792,458 m), its energy is halved.

The Planck-constant radiation-wave can only be up to 299,792,458 m (or nearly 300,000 km) long. This is the distance, the light covers in 1 second in a vacuum. It has then 1 Planck-constant, with energy of 6.626,176∙10^-34 Joule. The radiation-wave cannot carry less than 1 full Planck-constant. This is the smallest basic energy-quantum of the electromagnetic wave.

Max Planck

Why is there a universe? Why does it exist? How has it arisen? What has Professor Max Planck himself found out about this? - Max Planck was a deeply religious man. But he was said, not to have believed in a personal God, much less, in a Christian God. Nevertheless, at the age of 79 years, in May 1937, he gave a talk about the universe and its origin. I am quoting here a few parts from it:

Max Planck: "In summary, we may say, that physical science demands the acceptance of a real world, (existing) independently of us, which we, though, will never be able to recognize directly, but always only through the spectacles of our sensory perceptions, and through the measurements, transmitted through them." (1988:29).

"But the miraculous is going still further. It is an undoubtable result of physical research, that these elementary building-blocks are not just lying there side by side in different groups, without any connection, but that they all have been put together according to a single plan, or, with other words, within all of these events of nature, a universal system of laws is ruling, recognizable by us to a certain degree.

"First, I would just like to mention here a single example: the principle of the conservation of energy. In nature, there are different types of energies: the energy of movement, of gravitation, of the heat of electricity, of magnetism. All these energies, taken together, are forming the energy-reserve of the world. This energy-reserve now has an unchangeable volume. It cannot be increased or decreased by any event in nature. All occurring changes are really only interacting changes of energy. If, for example, energy of movement is lost through friction, an equivalent amount of heat-energy is arising then, instead of it." - Planck, M. (1988:30).

"The energy-principle is ruling over all fields of physics, according to the classical theory and also according to quantum-theory. ... Well, that the laws of nature have not been invented by man, but that their recognition has been forced upon us from outside, about this, I think, we have talked enough already. ... What we must view now as the greatest wonder, is the fact, that the most appropriate formulating of these laws causes every impartial person to conclude, that nature is ruled by a rational, purposive will." (1988:31, 32).

"The photons, forming the beam of light, are, thus, behaving like rational beings. Out of all the possible curves, available to them, they are always choosing the ones, which will lead them to their goal the quickest. ...

"In any case, in summary we may say, that according to everything, natural science is teaching, within the whole realm of nature, wherein we human beings on our tiny planet are playing only a very tiny role, a certain lawfulness prevails, existing independently of a thinking humanity; but which, as far as it can be grasped by our senses, permits a formulation, based on an appropriate action. Thus, it represents a rational world-order, to which also nature and mankind are subjected, but whose real character we cannot and never will be able to understand, since we are able to find out about it only through our specific sensory perceptions, which we will never be able to switch off completely." - Planck, M. (1988:35).

Are true religion and natural science opposed to each other?

Max Planck: "Religion and natural science, however, are meeting in the question about the existence and the nature of the highest power, ruling the world. And at least here, the answers, both of them are giving about this, become comparable, at least to a certain degree. They do not contradict each other at all, as we have seen. But both of them do state, that, firstly, an independent rational world-order is existing, independent of mankind, and that, secondly, the nature of this world-order can never be seen directly, but can only be grasped or anticipated indirectly." (1988:36).

"Thus, if both of them, religion and natural science, do need for their activity their belief in God, then God is standing for the first one at the beginning, for the other one, at the end of all thinking. For the one it is the foundation, for the other one, the crown of the superstructure of any ideological consideration." (1988:37, 38).

"No matter, where we might look to and how far we may look, between religion and natural science there is nowhere a contradiction, but at the important points a full agreement. Religion and natural science - they do not exclude each other, as some now believe or fear, but they do complement and do require each other. Perhaps the most direct proof for the compatibility of religion and natural science, also when most critically examined, is the historical fact, that especially the greatest scientists of all times, men like Kepler, Newton, and Leibniz were filled with a deep religiousness. It is the never ending, never slackening fight against skepticism and against dogmatism, against disbelief and against superstition, which religion and natural science together must fight, and the battle-cry in this fight, leading the way, has always been and will always be: Towards God!" - Planck, M. (1988:39, 40).