Chapter 9: The United Field

Our physical universe contains spatial and temporal order. This means, how the different heavenly bodies are located in space and time. The moon, for example, is encircling our planet Earth at a certain distance and with a certain speed. The earth is encircling the sun at a certain distance and at a certain speed. And the sun, with its planets, encircles the center of our Milky Way. They are doing that today. And they have done this also last year, a hundred years ago, and a million years ago. What we would like to find out now: How has this temporal and spatial order of the universe arisen? And how is it preserved? Why has it arisen? And why is it preserved?

Most physicists will reply now: Through information, contained in the physical laws and their fundamental constants. And this information is transmitted with the speed of light. Nothing in the world is able to move faster, than with the speed of light. The electromagnetic wave and the gravitational wave are moving in a vacuum with the speed of light, at about 300,000 km/second. - Is that reasonable? Is that true? Could information, sent with the speed of light, make and preserve the spatial and temporal order of our universe?

According to Prof. L. M. Krauss (1999), the universe is now about 12 billion years old. Our spherical universe has now a radius (half-diameter) of 12 billion light years. The diameter of our spherical universe is then 24 billion light years. How could such a sphere (or circle) have arisen by information, traveling only at the speed of light? And how could such a sphere (or circle) have been preserved then for billions of years by information, transmitted at the speed of light?

With the speed of light, the electromagnetic and gravitational wave/particles are traveling. That is, with about 300,000 km/second. For us human beings down here on earth, that is very fast. But on a cosmic scale, that is very slow: far too slow. Information, traveling in outer space with the speed of light, is like a snail, crawling around in the garden. I do conclude here: The spatial and temporal order of the universe, with a diameter of 24 billion light-years, cannot be made and preserved by information, moving with the speed of light. It would take, for example, 12 billion light years, for information, stored in the center of the spherical universe, to go to its outer edge.

Also in a heap of galaxies, only 3 billion light-years across, the cosmic information, traveling with the speed of light, cannot keep up its temporal and spatial order. It is far too slow. Nor could a single galaxy, with a diameter of only one light-year, make and preserve its spatial and spatial order with physical information, sent at the speed of light.

The energy of the universe must be exactly so dense, that it is able to expand evenly. This critical energy density makes sure, that the universe will neither collapse under its own weight, nor that it will fly apart. This balance has been perfect, since our world began. Physicists have compared this exact critical energy density of our universe with a pencil, standing for billions of years on its point.

The spatial and temporal order of these cosmic structures could never have been made with information, moving through space with the speed of light. And it could never have been preserved then. The information, traveling in outer space with the speed of light, is moving even slower, than the snail in the garden. So there must be something wrong there somewhere.

Prof. Roger Penrose concluded: "But in order to start off the universe in state of low entropy - so that there will indeed be a second law of thermodynamics - the Creator must aim for a much tinier volume of space. ... In order to produce a universe resembling the one in which we live, the Creator would have to aim for an absurdly tiny volume of phase space of possible universes - about 1/10123 of the entire volume, for the situation under consideration." (1989:343).

Prof. Paul Renteln remarked: "Fluctuations in the matter fields (such as electrons and quarks) make negative contributions to the cosmological constant, whereas the carries of force (such as photons and gluons) make positive contributions to the constant. Our observations suggest that the positive and the negative contributions cancel each other to better than one part in 10120! If the particles did not make such nearly equal contributions to the constant, our universe would either collapse upon itself or else expand at a velocity close to the speed of light. In the absence of a physical principle that explains the high degree to which the positive and negative contributions are balanced, the small size of the cosmological constant poses a problem." (1991:524, 525).

"The critical energy density of the universe is now 1.88∙10-29 g/cm³". - W. Knapp (1992.65). - "At Planck-time 10-43 s, the universe had an energy density of 1093 g/cm³. The critical energy density of the universe is now 10-29 g/cm³. The ratio is 1 : 10122". - De Sabbata V. and C. Sivaram (1991:21, 29).

"The vacuum energy density (= critical energy density) of the universe is now 10-29 g/cm³. But there should be now an energy density of 1094 g/cm³. It is at least 123 orders of magnitude greater than the present vacuum energy density of 10-29 g/cm³. When the universe was born, not long after the singularity, its vacuum energy density has been then -1094 g/cm³. The energy density of the universe at Planck-time was 1094 g/cm³. And the critical energy density of the universe is now 2∙10-29 g/cm³. Ratio of critical energy density to energy density =1 : 10123." - Linde, A. (1991; 1990).

This means: The total positive (attracting) energy density of the universe (of ordinary matter and virtual energy) of +1094 g/cm³ : 10123 = = 2∙10-29 g/cm³ x -10123 = -1094 g/cm³ negative (expanding) energy density of the universe.

"As the universe expands, the density of ordinary matter decreases. The critical energy density of the universe is fixed. It stays the same at about 2∙10-29 g/cm³. It is exactly the 10123rd part of the energy density of the universe. It leaves the 10124th part untouched. This energy density includes all of the energy and matter of the universe, in contrast to the ordinary matter, made up only of atoms, molecules and so on.

In 1967 the Russian astrophysicist Yakob B. Zeldovich showed that the energy of the virtual particles is the energy, which is associated with the cosmological constant: the critical energy density of the universe. This vacuum energy is 120 orders of magnitude larger, than the energy, which is contained in all the ordinary matter of the universe.

The table of Prof. L M. Krauss (1999) page 40 in his article shows us:

·         At and shortly after time zero, the average density of ordinary matter (of atoms, molecules and so on) was at first 10-20 g/cm³. And it went quickly down then to 10-27 g/cm³. But the critical energy density of the universe has been then already - since it was born - about 2∙10-29 g/cm³.

·         When our universe was 5 billion years old, the average density of ordinary matter was about 4∙10-28 g/cm³. And its critical energy density (= the fundamental constant) was still fixed at 2∙10-29 g/cm³.

·         Now, the universe is about 12 billion years old. The density of its ordinary matter is now 3∙10-29 g/cm³. But its critical energy density is still fixed at 2∙10-29 g/cm³.

·         When our universe is 20 billion years old, that is, about 8 billion years from now, the density of ordinary matter will have sunk still further down below that of the critical energy density of the universe. It will be then 10-30 g/cm³. And the critical energy density (the cosmological constant), will still be then at 2∙10-29 g/cm³. - Krauss, L. M. (1999)

This means: The cosmological constant, with its critical energy density of 2∙10-29 is working like the thermostat in a home. We could also call it an energy-density-stat. It makes sure that the critical energy density of the universe has always stayed at the correct level, at the 10123rd part of the total energy density of the universe of 1094 g/cm. The positive (attracting) energy of the universe is exactly balanced by the negative (expanding) energy of the universe.

+1094 g/cm³ : 10123 = 2∙10-29 g/cm³ x -10123 = -1094 g/cm³.

The critical energy density of the universe (its cosmological constant) of 2∙10-29 g/cm³ is exactly the 10123rd part of the energy density of the whole universe (of +1094 g/cm³ and -1094 g/cm³). The positive (attracting) energy density of the universe (of +1094 g/cm³) is exactly balanced by the negative (expanding) energy of the universe (of -1094 g/cm³) with a precision of 1: 10123. The Creator has fine-tuned the universe in such a way, that it will always expand slowly and evenly at just the right speed, so stars, planets, and galaxies are able to arise, and so, that the plants, animals and mankind will be able to live on this planet Earth. At least, as long, as their energy reserves last. It will not (and cannot), therefore, collapse under its own weight, nor will it (and can it) fly apart at the speed of light.

According to Prof. Lawrence M. Krauss (1999), our universe is now about 12 billion years old. The sphere (ball-shape) of our universe has now a radius of 12 billion light-years, and a diameter of 24 billion light-years. This means: The spatial and temporal order of our universe must now be preserved within a sphere (or circle), which is 24 billion light years across. The positive (attracting) energy of our universe is balanced with its negative (expanding) energy with a precision of 1 : 10123 (but does not touch 10124). In other words, the universe must all the time preserve exactly the order of its shapes: its circles, spheres, and concentric shells, within all its small and its large parts, with a precision of 1 : 10123: within its atoms, molecules, stars, planets, solar systems, galaxies, heaps of galaxies, and also within the spherical universe as a whole unit, with its diameter of 24 billion light years.

 

Spatial and Temporal Order of Universe

How is the universe able, to make and to preserve its spatial and temporal order, with a precision of 1 : 10123, across 24 billion light years of cosmic space? How is the universe able, to react upon any disturbance, which might threaten to upset its spatial and temporal order? How is it able, to send there the needed operative information and orders, in the form of its cosmic software? How is it able, to send this operative information fast enough? How fast would this cosmic information have to be transmitted, so that it would be able to react upon any trouble, at a place, which is 1 billion, 5 billion, or 12 billion light-years away from its center of gravity?

One of the physicists’ basic creeds now says: Nothing is able to move faster, than with the speed of light. Thus, also any cosmic software, sent across outer space, will only be able to move with the speed of light. - Is that reasonable? Is that true? How would that work out within the vast distances of outer space? - The answer: In the vast distances of outer space, many billions of light-years across, information, moving with the speed of light, would be even slower, than a snail, crawling around in the garden. It is far too slow. That would never work. The spatial and temporal order of the universe cannot have arisen through creative and operative information, transmitted with the speed of light. And the spatial and temporal order of the universe cannot be preserved with information, travelling through space with the speed of light. That is far too slow. The spatial and temporal order of the universe can only have arisen and can only be preserved through information, which is sent instantaneously across billions of light-years. And this is possible with the circle-number pi.

 

Cosmological Constant and Circle-number Pi

The united field of force controls the energy of the universe. It has two forms: the gravitational field, attracting its mass, and the electromagnetic field, expanding this mass. The two forms of this united field are exactly balanced. That is why the universe has its critical energy density of 2∙10-29 g/cm³. This exact balance between the expanding and the attracting force makes sure, that the universe has been able to exist for some 12 billion years. Otherwise it would have collapsed or exploded long ago.

But why does the universe "know", how much energy it has, and how far its energy is spread out how far at a certain time? How does it know, what is going on far away, at its cosmic horizon, some 12 billion light-years away? How does it make the lines of force and the equipotentials of its gravitational and electromagnetic fields? And how does it make the concentric shells of its united field of force? And how does it keep its attracting and expanding force perfectly balanced all the time, since it began? How does the universe measure its distances and weigh its mass? How is it making its shapes: its straight lines and its circles, its waves, spirals, and spheres?

The second law of thermodynamics causes the energy of the universe to change into restmass at a certain speed, according to the time-schedule of its construction plan. For this, it is using also other physical laws and their fundamental constants, like the speed of light in a vacuum, the gravitational constant, the electric field constant, the magnetic field constant, and the critical energy density of the universe. The circle-number pi makes the straight lines of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and the circles of their equipotentials (their concentric shells). The circle-number pi represents the ratio of the circumference of the circle to its diameter.

Circumference of circle : pi = diameter : 2 = radius

Diameter of circle x pi = circumference of circle

Pi has the numerical value of 3.141592654..... It has many decimals behind its comma. Mathematicians have calculated already over 1,000,000,000. And there might still be many more billions of decimals behind the comma of pi. The circle-number pi is working with an unbelievable precision, also on a cosmic scale.

For example: The circumference of the circle, containing our whole universe, has now a diameter of about 24 billion light-years (and a radius of 12 billion light-years). When using only 100 decimals of pi, the circumference of this circle will have an error of less than 10/1,000,000 mm (Tietze, M. 1980). When using 1000 decimals of pi, the circumference of this circle will have then an error of less than 10-906 mm. - And there are billions of decimals behind the comma of pi!

From this I do conclude: The number pi is a cosmological fundamental constant, just like the speed of light. This number pi is responsible for the precision, with which our physical universe is making its straight lines, circles, spirals, waves, and spheres. It is also responsible for the precision, with which the spheres of atoms, planets, and stars are made. It has also made the disks of the galaxies and the sphere (ball-shape) of our whole physical universe. The circle-number pi is also making and controlling the lines of force, the circles of their equipotentials of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields. The circle-number pi is also balancing the two forms of this united field of force: (1) The particles with spin-one, like the photon (electromagnetic wave), are expanding the universe, and (2) the particles with spin-two, the graviton (gravitational wave), are drawing matter together into the spherical shape of their gravitational field. Pi also makes the longitudinal axis of the electromagnetic wave, and the waves, spirals, and circles of its electric and magnetic fields.

The circle-number pi - as a cosmological fundamental constant - has made the concentric shells of our physical universe, with its diameter of about 24 billion light-years. It has made the spatial and temporal order of our universe. And it has also preserved it till now, together with many other fundamental constants. Pi is able to make and to preserve the spatial and temporal order of our universe, by working instantly in space, across at least 24 billion of light-years. It is able to react and to act upon disorder in the spatial order of the shapes of its circles, straight lines, and spheres at once, instantly. Information, transmitted through cosmic space - across billions of light-years -, with the speed of light, would be for too slow. From this I do conclude:

1.      The dogma, that nothing is able to move faster than the speed of light, is wrong. It applies only to information, sent by electromagnetic and gravitational waves. In the cosmos, it is even slower than a snail, crawling around in the garden.

2.      The spatial and temporal order of the universe has been made and preserved till now, by information, which is transmitted instantly across billions of light-years. Information, sent only with the speed of light, would not be able to do that. It is far too slow.

3.      The spatial and temporal order of the physical universe has been made and preserved till now by physical information (cosmic software), coming from the cosmological fundamental number pi. Its information is transmitted instantly across billions of light-years.

4.      The information, contained in the fundamental constant pi, is written in a binary code. It is made up of two signs: the straight line, and the circle.

5.      The "mysterious" cosmological constant is working with absolute accuracy. Its is working with a precision of 1 : 10123. It is able to work so precisely, because it is able to transmit information instantly across billions of light-years. This explains, why the actual density of the universe and the critical energy density of the universe must always be the same.

 

Binary Cosmic Code

The physical laws of the universe (and their fundamental constants) are written in a mathematical language. This mathematical language exists independently of mankind. Physicists have only found and understood it (a little). They have not made it. This cosmic mathematical language is written in a code. This code has only two symbols (or letters), like the binary code, now commonly used in computers, and the Morse code. Its two symbols are: the straight line I and the circle O. The two symbols of the cosmic binary code I O are both made by the circle-number pi. The straight line I is the radius of the circle, and the circle O is the circumference of the circle. Pi determines their ratios.

The precision, with which the circle-number pi, as a universal fundamental constant of physics is working with this binary code, is far beyond anything, man can even dream of. Compared to the precision, with which pi is working on a large and small scale, the fastest supercomputer, man has built till now, is only a clumsy thing, a child’s toy. Everything in physics has a cause, also the precision, with which pi is working, together with the other fundamental constants. - Who, then, thought out and made the mathematics, the information, and the shapes, existing independently of mankind?