Chapter 6: Adams’ Mammoth

 

Map with places of Northeast Siberia, where they have found the remains of the woolly mammoth and its companions. The Adams mammoth bull, native Siberians have found in the delta of the mighty Lena River. From: Vereshchagin and Baryshnikov (1982:270) Fig. 1.

 

A young woolly mammoth, painted in black. In the limestone cave Pech-Merle (Cabrerets), Lot, Southwest France. About 60 cm wide. From: Hans-Georg Bandi, Kunst der Eiszeit (1952:57) Fig. 77.

A woolly mammoth stands upright "in" the ice. What kind of an ice is that? How has it arisen? And how did the mammoth get into this ice? At the end of the 18th century they found a mammoth in the delta of the Lena River, at the Arctic Coast. What is known about this?

E. K. Brandt, at the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg, reports: "Adams was travelling as a botanist with the delegation of Golovkin to China. But they were not allowed to cross the border. When in Yakutsk in 1806, he heard that on a peninsula at the mouth of the Lena, a mammoth with skin, hair, and inner soft parts was found. He went down to the delta, to study this strange find. What did he see there?

"The Tunguse-chief Ossip Shumakhoff thought that this region belonged to him. He had noted already in the year 1799 during his excursion at the high bank of the peninsula Tamut, between floes of ice, a certain object, as we read in Adams’ report. But he could not find out, what it was, even though he climbed onto a rock, to get a better look.

"In the following year, he saw that the object had come out a bit more. But could still not see, what it was- At the end of the summer of the third year (in1801), he saw that the one side of the animal was now completely uncovered. And he saw that one tusk was sticking out. His family was living nearby. Now he told them, what he had found. But because of the terrible omen, they broke out in lamentation and sorrow. And also Shumakhoff himself became now so afraid, that he became seriously ill.

"The summer of the following year was so cool, that the uncovery did not proceed very far. And the mammoth, as Adams put it, was located between the ice. The Tunguse, though, let one of his people guard the treasure. In the following year 1803, the ice between the bank and the animal (supposedly) melted. And it slid down onto the sandbank of the shore. In March of 1804, Shumakhoff went again to his mammoth. And he sawed off the tusks, which he then exchanged for 50 roubels. The trader Boltunoff came with Shumakhoff to the mammoth. He made a drawing of this animal and described the find. The trunk was still there, both ears, both six vershok (26.4 cm long), and also the tail, six vershok long. The mammoth’s belly hung ‘down to its knees’, the Tunguse, who had found it, said."

More than six years later, Adams finally came to the Lena delta. The wolves and foxes had left only the skeleton, – except for a few soft parts. In the elephant’s left eye, Adams was still able to recognize the pupil. The side of the hide, on which the animal had lain on the shore (after it had fallen down from the steep bank), was "still covered completely with long and dense hair". Of this hide, he took a large piece. "It was so heavy that 10 persons were able to drag it to the shore only with great difficulty." The hide was wet, and the hair now came out. The skeleton of Adams’ mammoth bull is standing now in the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg. It measures about 3.2 m at the shoulder. - Has the mammoth died, where it was found? Why has this elephant stood there upright "in the ice"? What kind of ice is that? Dr. Bunge has later studied the place in the Lena delta, where Adams’ mammoth bull was found.

Baron Eduard von Toll reports: "The ice appears at Adams’ mammoth place at a height of 29 arshin (21 m). Namely at the height of the island of about 200 feet (61 m) above sea level. It is ‘quite clear’. But it contains air bubbles. And only at a few places does the earth appear. It is showing here a clear stratification. Bunge concludes, ‘that the mammoth has been deposited in the earth’, but in a secondary deposit. Doctor Bunge concludes his study with the remark that the valleys and mountain-clefts of North Siberia’s mainland were the actual places, where these animal carcasses have been found. There they must be embedded, as explained by academician L. von Schrenck." (1895:14, 15).

A few years before that, they found another woolly mammoth east of the Lena delta, at the Alaseya River. It was also standing upright in the frozen ground. A. Th. von Middendorff writes: The Russian traveler Sarytkhev reported in the year 1787, "that the inhabitants of Alaseya, a small settlement, some 90 verst (96 km) from S’redne-Kolymsk (in northern Yakutia), told him: At the river, flowing into the Arctic Sea, some 100 verst (106 km) below the settlement, at a sandy part of the bank, a huge animal was washed out halfway. It was as large as an elephant. It was still standing upright. It was fully preserved. And it was still covered with skin. On a few parts of its skin, one saw long hair. Sarytkhev adds that at the whole coast of the Arctic Sea, one is finding the bones and tusks. But a whole animal one has never found. A few years later, as I heard, this animal was then carried off by the river." (1867:277).  

Adams’ Mammoth eating Snow

In what kind of a climate has Adams’ mammoth bull lived in the Lena delta? Some ice age experts still do earnestly claim: The woolly mammoth was adapted to severe arctic cold. It has even lived in the Far North during the height of the Last Ice Age. – If so, we must ask ourselves: Where did this elephant then find up there during the long arctic winter enough to drink, when rivers, ponds and lakes were deeply frozen? Could the mammoth have eaten then snow instead, just like the reindeer of today?

How heavy was Adams’ mammoth bull? And how much did he have to eat and to drink each day? Adams’ mammoth bull has certainly not starved to death. He was so fat that his belly was hanging down to his knees. – According to my shoulder-height–body-weight scale for elephants, Adams’ mammoth bull weighed about 6100 kg, when lean. And about 6400 kg, when fat.

When eating dry food (hay), the elephant needs about 3% of its body weight of drinking water per day, at normal air temperature. That is, when he is not under heat- or cold-stress. The 6.4-ton mammoth bull from the Lena delta needed then 192 liter (kg) of water per day. How long would Adams’ mammoth bull be able to live in winter, when eating powdery snow, containing 50 kg/m³ of water? When will he thirst to death? After how many days? The elephant is able to take in about 300 cm³ of snow per minute. Adams’ mammoth bull would have thirsted then to death after 17.4 days. How calculated:

192 kg/day : 50 kg/m³ = 3.84 m³/day.

3.84 m³/d = 3 840 000 cm³ : 300 cm³/min = 12 800 min/day.

2 800 min/d : 60 min/h = 213.333 h/d = 24 h/d = 8.88 days/day.

This means: When eating powdery snow, containing 50 kg/m³ water, without cold-stress, the elephant would need 8.9 days, just to take in his daily amount of drinking water of 192 kg (liter), when eating dry food (hay). During those 8.9 days, Adams’ mammoth bull would not be able to graze or sleep. The elephant is grazing and browsing 12 to 19 hours a day. - We shall assume now that Adams’ mammoth bull is grazing 14 hours a day. 5 hours he is eating snow. And 5 hours per day he is walking or sleeping.

The 6400 kg elephants needs 213.333 hours, to take in his daily amount of drinking water (of 192 kg), when eating dry food, and while taking in powdery snow at 300 cm³ per minute.

192 kg water/d : 213.333 h/d = 0.900 l/h x 5 h/d = 4.500 l/day.

192 kg minus 4.5 kg = 187.5 kg/day too little water intake.

187.5 kg : 6400 kg BW = 2.929% of BW water-intake deficit per day.

The older one of the 2 elephant calves on Galana ranch (in Kenya) thirsted to death, when its water-intake deficit had reached 51% of its body weight:

51% : 2.929% = 17.412 days.

This means: When eating in winter powdery snow, containing 50 kg/m³ of water, when under cold stress, Adams’ mammoth bull would have thirsted to death after 17.4 days, while its stomach was filled with snow. Then his water-intake deficit reached 51% of his body weight. That was at a body weight of 6400 kg. When weighing only 6100 kg, Adams’ mammoth bull would also have thirsted to death, when eating powdery snow (with 50 kg/m³ of water), after 17.4 days. This clearly shows us that the woolly mammoth was not adapted to an arctic climate. And it proves that this tusker was not able to live in ice and snow, just like the reindeer and the muskox of today.

Eating Snow in the Cold

How would Adams’ mammoth bull from the Lena delta fare during the arctic winter, when under cold stress? How long would he then be able to live up there, when eating snow, to get enough drinking water?

The nutritional needs of the horse and the elephant are very similar. At a normal air temperature, the horse needs 3.6 l water for 1 kg dry feed. At an air temperature of –18°C, the horse needs 2 l water for 1 kg dry feed (NRC 1989). The Asian elephant cow Jap took in 97.284 g DM/kg0.75 per day, when on maintenance (Benedict, F. G. 1936). We shall assume now that Adams’ bull from the Lena delta is eating powdery snow, at an air temperature of –18°C. He has to take in 69.611 kg dry matter (DM) per day, for maintenance. And he must drink then twice as much water: 139.221 kg (liter) per day. The elephant will thirst to death, when reaching his water-intake deficit of 51% of its body weight. The animal is eating now powdery snow, containing 50 kg/m³ water. He is taking in the snow at 300 cm³/min. Adams’ mammoth bull, weighing 6400 kg, will thirst then to death after 24.288 days, while his stomach is filled with snow. How calculated:

139.221 kg/d : 50 kg/m³ = 2.784 m³ block of snow per day.

2.784 m³/d = 2 784 000 cm³/d : 300 cm³/min= 9280 min/day.

9280 min/d : 60 min/h = 154.666 h : 24 h/d = 6.444 days for one day.

This means: At –18°C air temperature, when under cold stress, the elephant needs 154.666 hours, to take in his daily amount of drinking water (of 139.221 kg). We shall assume now that the elephant is grazing 14 hours a day. 5 hours he is eating snow. And 5 hours he is walking around or sleeping. He has to take in 139.221 kg (liter) drinking water a day. But he needs 154.666 hours, to eat this needed snow.

139.221 kg/d : 154.666 h/d = 0.9001 kg/h x 5 h/d = 4.500 kg/day.

39.221 kg minus 4.5 kg = 134.721 kg water-intake deficit per day.

134.721 kg/d : 6400 kg BW = 2.105% BW.

The older one of the 2 elephant calves on Galana ranch (Kenya) thirsted to death, when its water-intake deficit reached 51% of its body weight.

51% : 2.105% = 24.228 day.

Adams’ mammoth bull would have thirsted to death after 24.2 days, with a stomach filled with snow.

Eating pressed Snow

Could the mammoth not have lived in the Far North in an arctic climate, just like the reindeer of today, when eating pressed snow, instead of the powdery snow? This pressed snow contains 100 kg/m³ of water, or twice as much as the powdery snow. At an air temperature of –18°C, the tusker needs then 2 liter of water for 1 kg of dry food (like the horse). He is grazing here 14 hours a day. And he is eating snow 5 hours a day.

Also when eating this pressed now, the woolly mammoth could not have lived in an arctic climate. He would have thirsted then to death in 25.2 days. Then its water-intake-deficit would have reached 51% of its body weight. This clearly proves that the woolly mammoth was not adapted to arctic cold. This proves that it was not able, to live in the Far North, just like the reindeer and the muskox of today. Any assertions to the contrary are just wishful thinking. 

DCP-Deficit and Death

Just like the Reindeer and Muskox of today?

DCP-deficit and death. According to some advocates of the modern ice age theory, the woolly mammoth was adapted to the arctic climate of the Far North, just like the reindeer of today. That is completely wrong, because of at least three different reasons. The giant would have thirsted up there to death during the long arctic winter. And he would have hungered up there to death, due to lack of protein and energy. And he would have frozen up there to death. Adams’ mammoth bull from the Lena delta had a shoulder height of about 3.20 m. He weighed, when fat, about 6400 kg. He needed then 2310 g DCP (digestible crude protein) and 103,038 kcal ME (metabolizable, changeable energy) per day for maintenance. The 80-kg adult reindeer needs 77.239 g DCP and 6072 kcal ME per day for maintenance. And the 220-kg adult muskox needs 152 g DCP and 5998 kcal ME per day for maintenance.

This means: Adams’ mammoth bull had to take in as much food as 30 reindeer, according to his DCP-intake, and as much food as 17 reindeer, according to his ME-intake per day. Adams’ mammoth had to eat as much as15 muskoxen, according to his DCP-intake, and as much as 17 muskoxen, according to his ME-intake per day. In an arctic climate and on an arctic plant-cover this is not possible.

 

6,400-kg Elephant: Grazing like the Reindeer

DCP deficit and death. Table explained

The table begins at the 1st of September. Adams’ mammoth bull from the Lena delta, weighing about 6400 kg, is grazing here in the arctic tundra as fast as 2 reindeer, weighing 80 kg each. Both reindeers together are taking in here in autumn and winter 154 g DCP/day for maintenance. The 6.4-ton mammoth bull is able to take in here also only 154 g DCP/day, while grazing in the arctic tundra or tundra-steppe. At the end of September, he has taken in 4634 g DCP (dry wt). But he needs 69,293 g DCP. That is 64,659 g DCP too little. The adult reindeer/caribou needs 2.8875 g DCP for maintenance. And the adult elephant needs 3.228 g DCP/kg0.75 day for maintenance. Around the 12th of December, the 6.4-ton elephant has reached his DCP-intake-deficit of 220,021 g and starves to death.

When grazing in the arctic tundra as fast as3 adult reindeer/caribou, Adams’ mammoth will starve to death around the 30th of December, due to lack of digestible crude protein (DCP). And when grazing as fast as a herd of 15 adult reindeer, weighing 80 kg each, the 6.4-ton elephant will starve to death around the 9th of April. The elephant cannot live in the arctic tundra or steppe-tundra, just like the reindeer of today. There is too little to eat. The giant will starve there to death, due to lack of digestible crude protein.

 

6,400-kg Elephant. Grazing like the Reindeer

ME-deficit and death. Table explained

The table begins again with the 1st of September. Adams’ mammoth bull is grazing here as fast as 2 adult reindeer/caribou, weighing 80 kg each. He is taking in then 12 144 kcal metabolizable energy per day and 364,330 kcal ME during the whole month of September. In September, he needs 3,091,140 kcal ME for maintenance. But he is taking in then 2,726,810 kcal ME too little. Around the16th of December, after 3.5 months, the tusker has reached his deadly ME-intake deficit of 9,812,938 kcal and starves to death.

When grazing on the arctic tundra as fast as 5 reindeer, the elephant will starve to death around the 9th of January. When grazing as fast as 10 reindeer, the tusker will starve to death, due to lack of metabolizable energy (ME), around the 18th of March. Neither the elephant of today, nor the woolly mammoth of the late Pleistocene would be able to live on the arctic tundra, just like the reindeer of today, nor on any other kind of arctic plant-cover. It would starve there pitifully to death within a few months, if not weeks, due to lack of energy.

6,400-kg Elephant. Grazing like the Muskox

DCP-deficit and death

The table begins with the 1st of September. Adams’ mammoth bull from the Lena delta, weighing 6.4 tons, is grazing here on the arctic tundra, just as fast as 2 adult muskoxen, weighing 220 each. The elephant and the 2 muskoxen together are both taking in 114 g DCP/day (dry wt). During the whole month of September, the mammoth bull has taken in 3,427 g DCP (dry wt). He needs 69,292 g DCP in September. But he is taking in then 65,866 g DCP too little. He is starving to death around the 9th of December. He has reached then his critical DCP-intake-deficit of 220.021 kg or 3.438% of his body weight. When grazing as fast as 4 adult muskoxen, the 6.4-ton elephant will die, due to lack of digestible crude protein (DCP) around the 6th of January. When grazing as fast as 6 muskoxen, he will die around the 7th of March. And when feeding as fast as 8 adult muskoxen on the arctic tundra, the pachyderm will starve to death around the 9th of March, due to lack of digestible crude protein. This clearly proves quantitatively that the woolly mammoth was not adapted to an arctic plant-cover.

 

6,400-kg Elephant. Grazing like the Muskox - ME-deficit and death

Adams’ mammoth bull from the Lena delta is grazing here on the arctic tundra as fast as 2 muskoxen, weighing 220 kg each. They are taking in 11,996 kcal ME/day, and 359,880 kcal ME in September. The elephant is taking in just as much metabolizable energy (ME) as the two muskoxen together. In September he needs 3,091,140 kcal ME. But he has taken in then only 2,731,260 kcal ME. The 6.4-ton elephant will starve then to death, due to lack of energy, around the 16th of December. Because he has reached then his ME-intake-deficit of 9,812,938 kcal.

When grazing as fast as 4 muskoxen, the elephant will die on the 29th of January, due to lack of metabolizable energy. When grazing as fast as 7 muskoxen, around the 10th of February. And when grazing as fast as 9 muskoxen, weighing 220 each, the tusker will starve to death around the17th of March.

No elephant is able to graze in the arctic tundra as fast as 9 muskoxen. It is rather doubtful, whether this elephant would even be able to graze in the Far North in an arctic climate as fast as a single muskox, without ruining the sparse and fragile plant-cover for years. This disproves the assertion that the woolly mammoth has grazed during the height of the Last Ice Age in northern Siberia and Alaska, just like the reindeer and the muskox of today. The asserted adaptation of the woolly mammoth to arctic cold is not science, only science fiction. It has nothing to do with serious scientific research. It is high time that one begins to rewrite the textbooks of geology and paleontology.

 

Adams’ Mammoth Bull: How he lived, how he perished

One has found Adams’ mammoth bull in the Lena delta, near the arctic coast. He stood upright in the frozen ground, in a hole in the ice. The woolly mammoth was so fat that his belly hung down to his knees. He weighed around 6.4 tons. – How did this elephant get into the frozen ground, as hard as rock? And why is he standing upright in the frozen ground, which is filling up the hole or depression in the ice? And how has this layer of ice arisen? This are not blocks of sea ice pushed together. Nor does this ice consist of ice-wedges. How has Adams’ mammoth bull lived? How has he perished? And why has he perished?

Adams’ mammoth bull was found near the arctic coast. He was quite large, also compared with today’s Asian elephant. He was not dwarfed at all. He has grown up just as fast, as the modern Asian elephant, if not faster. – Why? – How can we solve now this mystery?

From the biological and geological facts, known now, and from the historical Flood-account of the Bible, the following picture emerges about the way, Adams’ mammoth bull has lived, and how he has perished: The woolly mammoth was grazing at the beginning of November 2370 B.C.E. in northeastern Siberia on a meadow. The climate was then mild, temperate. There was then no permafrost, no arctic tundra, no ice and no snow, and no arctic winter. While quietly grazing on the meadow, the mammoth bull was suddenly hit by a blast of ice-cold air, killing him and shock freezing him within minutes. Further south in Siberia, most of the mammoths drowned in the silty waters of the Flood of Noah’s days, in the year 2370 B.C.E., at the beginning of November.

His body was floating in an upright position in the water. His skull and back were above the water. His legs were hanging down. During the global Flood of Noah’s days, the former temperate, mild climate of northeastern Siberia was suddenly hit by a deep arctic cold. It was then colder, than it is now in the Far North. During the following winter of 2370/2369 B.C.E., the elephant’s body, floating upright at the surface of the water, froze thoroughly.

Why was the body of the mammoth floating upright at the surface of the water of the Flood? Why did it float at all? Why did it not sink down at once to the bottom like a stone? There are several reasons: The larger the tusks grow, the larger also the sponge-like part of the elephant’s skull will grow. This sponge-like part of the skull is filled with air. This kept the head also upright in the water. The large, fat belly, filled with food, did not freeze at once very deeply, but slowly. During the next hours and days, the microbes and ferments in his digestive tract kept on digesting some of the food, causing gases to arise in the intestines.

The belly of the dead mammoth, filled with gas, acted in the water like a balloon. It was also pulling the body to the surface. The heavy legs and tusks were hanging down in the silty water. Thus, the mammoth, when already dead and frozen stiff on the outside, was floating automatically in an upright position in the water. Many of the woolly mammoths in the northernmost parts of Siberia seem to have been killed suddenly by cold-shock. They did not even have time anymore, to swallow the food, they were chewing. While chewing blooming flowers and plants with seeds. Nor did they have time, to digest the food, they had eaten.

Then the water of the global Flood of Noah’s days, in 2370/2369 B.C.E. gradually went back and disappeared in the world’s oceans. The continents began to rise, and the basins began to sink down. And the water, which was covering the surface of our globe to a depth of several miles, was able to drain off (Psalms 104:5-9). During the first arctic winter, the woolly mammoth, floating at the surface, was deeply frozen. It was also sinking down now in the silty water of the Flood to the bottom. The more the water sank down, the more silt it contained. The layers of this silt, whirled up during the global Flood, were covering now many parts of northeastern Siberia and Alaska. Into this layer of watery silt, many meters deep, the body of the frozen mammoth sank down, as the water receded. The frozen body came to rest on one of the silt-covered slopes near the Lena River.

After the Flood

During the next years, after the global Flood of Noah’s days in 2370/2369 B.C.E., the valley of the Lena River was filled up more and more with auf-ice. – Why? – It became now in northeastern Siberia so cold that the river began to freeze at some spots down to the bottom. That is, at places, where the valley was wide, and where the water of the river divided itself into several channels. At this place, the water began to flow as a thin layer on top of the ice. And in time, much or all of the water of the Lena was flowing on top of the ice, instead of beneath it. The summer was then so short and so cold that most (or all) of the auf-ice in the valley of the Lena River did not melt. During the next cold winter, more water was flowing over the ice, filling the valley with ice. Auf-ice was covering now the Lena River near its mouth.

After a few hundred years of deep cold – much colder, than it is now in northeastern Siberia -, it became warmer again. The deep layer of auf-ice, covering the valley and delta of the Lena River, began to melt and to break apart. Large cracks began to appear in the ice, going right down to the bottom. In summer, the melt-water is flowing into these cracks in the ice. Then it is flowing on beneath the ice, toward the Arctic Ocean. This melt-water, flowing in summer onto the ice and into the cracks and crevasses in the ice, is cutting now large holes into the auf-ice. Some of these vertical ice-holes are small. Some of them are large, going right down to the bottom. In time, the old auf-ice in the valley of the Lena River was full of crevasses and holes.

The frozen silt, covering the ridges and slopes nearby, many meters deep in places, also began to melt now in summer. The mantle of silt, covering the ridges and slopes, was not covered yet with a dense plant-cover, like the arctic tundra of today. So, it can quickly thaw up in summer, at least at the surface on the south-facing slopes. The melted silt begins to flow down the slopes, like a stream of lava. It is carrying with it frozen bodies and trunks of trees, which have perished in the Flood. The stream of silt is flowing down the slopes onto the melting auf-ice in the river valley, with its many cracks and holes

In this watery silt, also the body of the woolly mammoth is drifting down the silt-covered slope, onto the auf-ice of the Lena River. The melt-water, heavily mixed with silt, is flowing now like a huge stream on top of the ice, covering the valley of the Lena River. In this silty water (or watery silt), also birch and alder trees are drifting toward the Arctic Ocean. They are drifting there together with the isolated bones, tusks, legs, and heads of animals, which have died in the Flood. In this river of silt, also the frozen body of the mammoth bull was floating now northward over the ice.

The silty water came to a crack or hole in the ice. And it flowed into this crack or hole. One layer of clear water, and one layer of silt, till they filled up the hole to the top. The flowing river of silt on the ice is also dragging the frozen body of the 6.4-ton woolly mammoth into one of these vertical holes and depressions in the ice. That is, at the mouth of the Lena River, on the then exposed continental shelf. This hole at the surface of the auf-ice is so large and so deep, that the frozen mammoth bull, with his shoulder height of 3.2 meter, is floating upright in the silty water, which is filling this depression in the ice. The frozen elephant bull is floating in an upright position, as if he were still alive. Adams’ mammoth bull was suddenly frozen to death, while grazing, while standing upright on a meadow.

In this same upright position, the body of the elephant is standing now again in the large hole in the mighty layer of auf-ice, at the mouth of the Lena River, in its present delta. The melt- and rainwater in summer is bringing more and more silt up north. Some of this silt is drifting into the hole in the ice, wherein Adams’ mammoth bull is floating in an upright position. After some time, the whole depression in the ice is filled out with silt, up to the top, burying the mammoth beneath it.

Then it gets colder again. The water- and silt-layers, covering the frozen mammoth in the ice-hole, begin to freeze. They become as hard as rock. During the next centuries, still more silt and loam is covering the auf-ice in the Lena delta, preserving it till our time. New channels of the Lena River are cutting themselves into the wall of ice and silt. The old ice begins to melt down more and more. The frozen earth on top and in the holes within this old auf-ice begins to thaw and to break off, falling down onto the bank of the river.

More than 4000 years later, in 1799, the Tunguse chief Ossip Shumakhoff then saw the frozen mammoth bull, standing upright in the frozen earth above the thick layer of fossil ice. The elephant was still covered with his hair coat. He still had his ears, trunk and tail. He measured about 3.20 meter at the shoulder. He was so fat that his belly hung down to his knees. The frozen mammoth bull slid down from the steep cliff onto the riverbank. The Tunguse sawed off the two tusks. And during the next months, the wolves and foxes ate up nearly all of its soft parts. His skeleton is standing now in the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg.